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An intermediate step would be to integrate other aspects of mobility, at least destination, frequency, and duration, into standard data collection instruments administered to FSWs as characteristics of mobility can vary. Cult Health Sex.

Additionally, monthly seminars were held at the drop-in-center, one of which focused on family planning. Prostitutes Iringa Poisson regression models were used to estimate the Prostitutes Iringa between program exposure and family planning use in the intervention arm. Conclusion: There is a clear need for family planning among this population. General program exposure and exposure to a family planning workshop were associated with higher family Prostitutes Iringa use, which suggests that community empowerment models have potential to increase family planning uptake for this vulnerable group.

Abstract Background: Female sex workers in sub-Saharan Africa Prostitutes Iringa high unmet need for family planning and higher risk for unintended pregnancy. Longitudinal models accounted for clustering within FSWs across time points.

All analyses were conducted in Stata15 [ 46 ]. It was hypothesized that age was a potential effect modifier of the relationship between sex work-related mobility and recent experience Prostitutes Iringa physical or sexual GBV.

An interaction term between the explanatory variable of interest and this socio-demographic characteristic was included in bivariate robust Poisson regression models to examine this hypothesis.

A manual backward elimination method from this initial full robust Poisson model Prostitutes Iringa conducted. Wald tests Prostitutes Iringa used to assess overall contribution of variables to the final model. Following this step, retained covariates were included in the final model examining the longitudinal relationship between sex work-related mobility and recent experience of physical or sexual GBV.

Prostitutes Iringa final model presented here had the lowest QIC among adjusted models fit. Variance inflation factors VIFs were calculated to assess collinearity of explanatory variables. All VIFs were less than two, suggesting minimal collinearity of covariates.

The final model adjusted for study visit follow-up vs. All coefficients were exponentiated Prostitutes Iringa reflect either unadjusted or adjusted incidence Prostitutes Iringa ratios IRR. Table 1 shows sex work-related mobility, socio-demographic characteristics, living situation, and work environment-related variables by recent experience of physical or sexual GBV at baseline and follow-up. Those lost to follow-up tended to be younger, not living with HIV, and not currently married or living with a sex partner.

In unadjusted longitudinal models, FSWs who Prostitutes Iringa recently traveled outside of Iringa in the last six months primarily for sex work had a 1. Among socio-demographic, living situation, and work environment-related variables, higher educational attainment unadjusted IRR: 1. Reporting more than two clients on average per week unadjusted IRR: 1. In the final adjusted longitudinal model, sex work-related mobility outside of Iringa in the past six months remained significantly and positively associated with any physical or sexual GBV.

Age, educational Prostitutes Iringa, and average monthly income were marginally significantly associated with recent experience of physical or sexual GBV Prostitutes Iringa the final adjusted model Table 2.

Those reporting greater financial security had significantly lower risk of recently experiencing physical or sexual GBV as compared to those Prostitutes Iringa poor financial security in the last Prostitutes Iringa months adjusted IRR: 0. Average number of clients per week adjusted IRR: 1. Prostitutes Iringa this sample of FSWs from Iringa, Tanzania, FSWs with recent mobility for sex work had a higher risk of recent physical or sexual GBV when compared to those with no recent mobility for sex work after adjusting for socio-demographic characteristics and aspects of their living situations and work environments.

Previous research in India has demonstrated a high prevalence of recent Prostitutes Iringa of violence among mobile FSWs [ 6 ], but previous studies outside of North America have failed to explore these associations Prostitutes Iringa [ 25 — 28 ]. This article provides urgently needed evidence outside Prostitutes Iringa North America using longitudinal data of Prostitutes Iringa relationship between sex work-related mobility and risk of GBV for FSWs.

While addressing the factors that put FSWs at greater risk of GBV is increasingly a priority for public health interventions, these findings suggest that there is a need to acknowledge the ways in which mobile FSWs, particularly those mobile for the purposes of sex work, may experience unique risk environments that increase their risk for and experiences of GBV. Participatory involvement of mobile FSWs in the conceptualization and design of interventions would not only strengthen engagement, but also address the unique needs that mobile FSWs have while traveling.

This could include, for example, mobile GBV services or the improved integration of GBV services into other mobile health services or outlets providing services to FSWs.

These services could address Prostitutes Iringa prevention and response and include social support, case management, and referrals. Lessons could be learned from those working in other settings at the intersection of substance use, sex work, and mobility [ 48 ], for how best Prostitutes Iringa implement such a program.

Chapter Google Scholar.

With mobile Prostitutes Iringa increasingly accessible to and used by FSWs in Iringa, text- or interactive voice response IVR -based messaging could be a useful strategy.

Future research should build on these findings to understand the complex mechanisms through which mobility for work influences risk of GBV. Studies have previously looked at Prostitutes Iringa intersection of mobility and GBV and its effect on other health outcomes like depression [ 50 ] or HIV infection [ 25 ].

Together, such explorations would provide insights into the pathways and mechanisms through which mobility and GBV are linked, which could then enable public health interventions to be more sensitive to the unique needs and lived realities of mobile FSWs.

Theoretical and conceptual linkages between gender and population mobility [ 5354 ] have typically emphasized how gender and migration Prostitutes Iringa mutually constitutive. Gender inequalities and norms influence whether and how individuals migrate, how they are perceived by others, and their experiences at place of origin, in transit, and at their destination. At the same time, such mobility has the potential to reinforce and challenge those gender inequalities.

For FSWs, this interplay Prostitutes Iringa also be understood within the context of the stigma and discrimination of sex work, with GBV not only the manifestation of and consequence of gender inequality, but also enacted stigma [ 142 ]. Given the intimate linkages between population mobility, GBV, and HIV [ 1356 ], it is imperative that efforts to understand and intervene in HIV risk environments for FSWs acknowledge and complicate their frameworks to incorporate a more nuanced role for population mobility and GBV.

This study extends previous cross-sectional analyses [ 21 ] to examine longitudinal correlates of any recent experience of GBV. First, analyses Prostitutes Iringa here include data collected from two time points, with FSWs lost to follow-up excluded from analyses. As a result, it is possible that those FSWs who dropped out may have been different from those who remained in the study. As mobility is often correlated with age and is a common reason for participants being lost to follow-up and a common challenge for surveillance [ 12 ], it is likely that the estimates presented here underestimate recent mobility for sex work among FSWs in Iringa at follow-up.

Future research should ensure consistent measurement of GBV across Prostitutes Iringa points, and may need to include GBV from other perpetrators, such as police or community members. In addition, there Prostitutes Iringa a need for future research to understand Prostitutes Iringa nuanced Prostitutes Iringa between mobility and GBV.

Future research should examine the relationship between these typologies of mobility Prostitutes Iringa GBV. An intermediate step would be to integrate other aspects of mobility, at least destination, frequency, and duration, into standard data collection instruments administered to FSWs as characteristics of mobility can vary.

A qualitative investigation of mobility trajectories could elaborate on or identify emergent mobility Prostitutes Iringa for FSWs.

Previous research in north-western Tanzania, for example, used qualitative, ethnographic methods to identify Prostitutes Iringa of women and men living and working in a mining community that described their unique risks for HIV and Prostitutes Iringa infections [ 34 ].

Finally, findings presented here may not be representative of the experiences of all FSWs in Tanzania.

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Analyses were conducted using baseline and follow-up data from Project Shikamana, a community-randomized trial conducted in two communities in Iringa. While Project Shikamana included Prostitutes Iringa focused on violence prevention, there were no significant Prostitutes Iringa in violence found in adjusted models, suggesting the need for more comprehensive approaches that address the socio-structural factors that influence GBV in this context.

Drawing on baseline and follow-up data from a community randomized controlled trial in Iringa, Tanzania, Prostitutes Iringa study examined the longitudinal relationship between recent mobility for the purposes of sex work and experiences of GBV from a client or partner.

Evidence of a significant increased risk of violence among mobile FSWs as compared to their non-mobile counterparts suggests that efforts to reduce GBV among FSWs must acknowledge the unique needs of those FSWs who are mobile for sex work.

Public health programs must identify ways—using digital technologies, for example—to engage mobile FSWs. Prostitutes Iringa authors would like to acknowledge the participants who generously shared their perspectives and experiences with the research team.

Browse Subject Areas? Click through the PLOS taxonomy to find articles in your Prostitutes Iringa. Abstract Female sex workers are highly mobile, which may Prostitutes Iringa their risk of experiencing physical and sexual violence.

Introduction Female sex workers FSWs experience increased risk of physical and Prostitutes Iringa violence Prostitutes Iringa [ 12 ]. Study design and sampling To examine the longitudinal relationship between sex work-related mobility and experience of GBV, this study drew on baseline and month follow-up data collected as part of Project Shikamana.

Measures The outcome of interest was any recent Prostitutes Iringa of physical or sexual GBV from any sexual partner, defined as any self-reported experience of either physical or sexual violence within the past six months from a new or regular client or non-paying partner. Results Table 1 shows sex work-related mobility, socio-demographic characteristics, living situation, and work environment-related variables by recent experience of physical or sexual GBV at baseline and Prostitutes Iringa.

Download: PPT. Table 1. Table 2. Discussion In this sample of FSWs from Iringa, Tanzania, FSWs with recent mobility for sex work had a higher risk of recent physical or sexual GBV when compared to those with no recent Prostitutes Iringa for sex work after adjusting for socio-demographic characteristics and aspects of their living situations and work environments.

Limitations This study extends previous cross-sectional analyses [ 21 ] to examine longitudinal correlates of any recent experience of GBV.

Conclusions Drawing on baseline and follow-up data from a community randomized controlled trial in Iringa, Tanzania, this study examined the longitudinal relationship between recent mobility for the purposes of sex work and experiences of GBV from a client Prostitutes Iringa partner.

Ghoshal N.

Acknowledgments The authors would like to acknowledge the participants who generously shared their perspectives Prostitutes Iringa experiences with the research team. References 1. Human rights violations against sex workers: Burden and effect on Prostitutes Iringa. A systematic review of the correlates of violence against sex workers.

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BMC Public Health. Inconsistent condom use among female sex workers: Partner-specific influences of substance use, violence, and condom coercion. AIDS Behav. Sexual violence, condom negotiation, and condom use in the Prostitutes Iringa of sex work: Results from two West African countries. Violence victimisation, sexual risk and sexually transmitted infection symptoms among female sex workers Prostitutes Iringa Thailand. Sex Transm Infect.

Work-related violence and inconsistent Prostitutes Iringa use with non-paying partners Prostitutes Iringa female sex workers in Adama City, Ethiopia. Gender-based violence against female sex workers in Cameroon: Prevalence and associations with sexual HIV risk and access to health services and justice. The global response and unmet actions for HIV and sex workers. Adapting the risk environment framework to understand substance use, gender-based violence, and HIV Prostitutes Iringa behaviors among female sex workers in Tanzania.

Sexual and physical violence against female sex workers in Kenya: A qualitative enquiry.

Prostitution in Iringa. The Iringa region is situated along a major highway; the Tanzania-Zambia Highway. Truck drivers spend multiple days exploring this region and this has led to a rise in businesses such as guesthouses, bars, restaurants, gas stations, weigh stations and truck stops. The majority of the stops double up as sex hot spots. Prostitute In Iringa Japanese Escort Asian Culver City 2Girl Full Service Nuru🔥🌈🔥Beverly Hills Incall🔥🌈🔥Santa Monica Table Shower. Hi, real photo japanese twins home alone, we offer multiple funs for free until we drain you. Prostitute In Iringa My Culver City 24Hr Cell: My Sister Victorvil.

AIDS Care. Complexities of short-term mobility for sex work and migration among sex workers: Violence and sexual risks, barriers to care, and enhanced social and economic opportunities. J Urban Heal. View Article Google Scholar Socio-demographic characteristics and behavioral risk factors Prostitutes Iringa female sex workers in sub-Saharan Africa: A systematic review. Mobility and sex work: why, where, when? A typology of female-sex-worker mobility in Zimbabwe. Soc Sci Med. Jain AK, Saggurti N.

The extent and nature of fluidity in typologies of female sex work in southern India: Implications for HIV prevention programs. Work Prostitutes Iringa and HIV prevention: A qualitative review and meta-synthesis of sex worker narratives. Work-related mobility and experiences of gender-based violence among female sex workers in Iringa, Tanzania: A Prostitutes Iringa analysis of baseline data from Project Shikamana.

BMJ Open. The prevalence of sexual violence among female refugees in complex humanitarian emergencies: A systematic review Prostitutes Iringa meta-analysis. PLoS Curr. Ivanova O, Rai M, E. The Conceptualization problem in research and responses to sexual and gender-based violence in forced migration.

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Global epidemiology of HIV among female sex workers: influence of structural determinants. Kenyan female sex workers' use of female-controlled nonbarrier modern contraception: do they use condoms less consistently?