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The abundance of the country cannot be easily imagined. In a great rise in the river occurred, which overflowed both the fort and the little town that had sprung up around it. Prostitutes Wolfenbuettel walls Prostitutes Wolfenbuettel this part of the house are eighteen inches thick, the masonry-consists of a very hard concrete of lime, unbroken large oyster shells, and clay.

The soil, the author says, is "extremely pleasant. The abundance of the country cannot be easily imagined. There is also game, which every person is permitted to kill: Prostitutes Wolfenbuettel, bears, buffaloes, deer, whole swarms of Indian hens, snipe, turtle-doves, partridges, wood-pigeons, quail, beavers, martens, wild cats, parrots, buzzards, and ducks. Deer is the most useful game, and the French carry on a great "negotium" in doeskins, which they Prostitutes Wolfenbuettel from the savages.

Ten to twelve leaden bullets are given in exchange for such a skin. If one wishes to hunt for mines, he need only go into the country of the Natchitoches. Prostitutes Wolfenbuettel we will surely 'draw pieces of silver mines out of the earth.

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The savages will make them known to us. Soon we shall find healing remedies for the most dangerous wounds, yes, also, so they say, infallible ones for the fruits of love. Of the spring floods in "Februario and Martio" the author says that they are sometimes Prostitutes Wolfenbuettel high that the water rises over feet, so that the tops of the pine trees on the seashore can no longer be seen.

New Orleans. Its circumference will be one mile. Prostitutes Wolfenbuettel houses are poor and low, as at home with us Prostitutes Wolfenbuettel the country. They are covered with large pieces of bark and strong reeds. Everybody dresses as he pleases, but all very poorly. One's outfit consists of a suit Prostitutes Wolfenbuettel clothes, bed, table, and trunks. Tapestry and fine beds are entirely unknown. The people sleep the whole night in the open air.

I am as safe in the most distant part of the town Prostitutes Wolfenbuettel in a citadel.

The first German village "le premier ancien village allemand" i.

Although I live among savages and Frenchmen, Prostitutes Wolfenbuettel am in no danger. People trust one another so much that they leave gates and doors open. The productiveness of the investment in land, and the value of the shares are thus made clear to the people:. From this basis it follows that acres, which, as stated already, cost Talers when purchased, are really worth 30, Talers. For this reason one can easily understand why Prostitutes Wolfenbuettel shares may yet rise very high.

No wonder Prostitutes Wolfenbuettel the agitation Prostitutes Wolfenbuettel both banks of the river Rhine, from Switzerland to Holland, bore fruit, and that thousands of people got themselves ready to emigrate to Louisiana. German historians state that, as a result of this agitation, 10, Germans emigrated to Louisiana. This seems a rather large number of people Prostitutes Wolfenbuettel be enticed by the promoter's promises to leave their fatherland and emigrate to a Prostitutes Wolfenbuettel country; but we must consider the pitiable condition Prostitutes Wolfenbuettel which these people lived at home.

Never before nor afterwards were such barbarous Prostitutes Wolfenbuettel perpetrated as by Turenne, Melac, and other French generals in the Palatinate; and whether French troops invaded Germany or Germans marched against the French, it was always the Palatinate and Prostitutes Wolfenbuettel other countries on both banks of the Rhine that suffered most through war and its fearful consequences; Prostitutes Wolfenbuettel, famine, and often also religious persecution,—for the ruler of a country then often prescribed which religion his subjects must follow.

The statement that 10, Germans left their homes for Louisiana is also supported by unimpeachable French testimony. The Jesuit Charlevoix, who came from Canada to Louisiana in December,and passed "the mournful wrecks" of the settlement on John Law's grant on the Arkansas River, mentions in his letter "these 9, Germans, who were raised in the Palatinate.

Only a small portion of these 10, Germans ever reached the shores of Louisiana. We Prostitutes Wolfenbuettel that the roads leading to the French ports of embarkation were covered with Germans, but that many broke down on their journey from hardships and privations. In the French ports, moreover, where no preparations had been made for the care of so many strangers, and where, while waiting for Prostitutes Wolfenbuettel departure of the vessels, the emigrants lay crowded together for months, and were insufficiently fed, epidemic diseases broke out among them and carried ofif many.

Indeed, the church registers of Louisiana contain proofs of this fact. In the old marriage records, which always give the names of the parents of the contracting parties, the writer has often found the remark that the parents of the bride or of the bridegroom had died in the French ports of L'Orient, La Rochelle, or Brest. Others tired of waiting in port, and, perhaps, becoming discouraged, gave up the plan of emigrating to Prostitutes Wolfenbuettel, looked for Prostitutes Wolfenbuettel in France, and remained there.

Then came the great loss of human life on the voyage across the sea. Such a voyage often lasted several months, long stops often being made in San Domingo, Prostitutes Wolfenbuettel the people virere exposed to infection from tropical diseases.

When even strong and healthy people succumbed to diseases brought on by the privations and hardships of such a voyage, by the miserable fare, by the lack of drinking water and disinfectants, and by the Prostitutes Wolfenbuettel odors in the ship's hold,—how must these emigrants have fared, weakened as they were from their journey through France and from sickness in the French Prostitutes Wolfenbuettel

At one time only forty Germans landed in Louisiana of who had gone on board. Martin speaks of Germans who landed out of Sickness and starvation, however, were not the only dangers of the emigrant of those days. At that time the buccaneers, who had been driven from Yucatan by the Spaniards inwere yet in the Gulf of Mexico, and pursued European vessels because these, in addition to emigrants, usually carried large quantities of provisions, arms, ammunition, and money; and many a vessel that plied between France and Louisiana was Prostitutes Wolfenbuettel heard of again.

In Prostitutes Wolfenbuettel French ship with " very sick Germans" on board was captured by buccaneers near the Bay of Samana in San Domingo. After Prostitutes Wolfenbuettel all this we are ready to approach the question of how many Germans really left Prostitutes Wolfenbuettel for Louisiana.

This statement, if not correct, comes evidently so near Prostitutes Wolfenbuettel the truth that we may accept it.

To this it may be added that according to my own searching inquiries, Prostitutes Wolfenbuettel after the examination of all the well-known authorities, as well as of copies of many official documents until recently unavailable, I have come to the conclusion that of those Germans who left Europe for Louisiana, only about one-third——actually reached the shores of the colony.

By this I do not mean to say that Germans settled in Louisiana, but only that reached Prostitutes Wolfenbuettel shores and were disembarked in Biloxi and upon Dauphine Island, in the harbor of Mobile.

How many of them perished in Prostitutes Wolfenbuettel two places will be told in another part of this work.

Besides John Prostitutes Wolfenbuettel, who enlisted Germans, the Western Company and the other concessioners also carried on an agitation for the enlistment of engages. How this was done, and what results were obtained with the French colonists, is described by the Jesuit Charlevoix, an eye witness, who came to Louisiana in to report on the condition of the colony. He Prostitutes Wolfenbuettel. Both classes regard the country as a place of exile. Everything disheartens them; nothing interests them in the progress of a colony of which they are only members in spite of themselves.

On arriving in Louisiana they were married and had lands assigned to them to cultivate, but the idle life of three-fourths of these folks rendered them unfit for farming.

You cannot find twenty of these vagabond families in Louisiana now.

Most of them died in misery or returned Prostitutes Wolfenbuettel France, bringing back such ideas which their ill success had inspired. The most frightful accounts of the country of the Mississippi soon began to spread among the public, at a time when German colonists were planting new and most successful establishments on the banks of the Prostitutes Wolfenbuettel, within five or seven leagues from New Orleans.

This tract, still occupied by their descendants, is the best cultivated and most thickly settled part of the colony, and I regard the Germans and the Canadians as the founders of all our establishments Prostitutes Wolfenbuettel Louisiana. Prostitutes Wolfenbuettel thousand people are said to have disappeared from Paris in April,alone. The newly married couples were chained together and thus dragged to the port of embarkation.

The complaints of Prostitutes Wolfenbuettel concessioners and of the company itself concerning this class of French immigrants and engages were soon so frequent and so pressing, that the French government, in May,prohibited such Prostitutes Wolfenbuettel. This, however, did not prevent the shipping of a third lot of lewd women inthe first and the second having been sent in and The first immigration Prostitutes Wolfenbuettel masse took place in the year There landed then in Louisiana, which at Prostitutes Wolfenbuettel time had only inhabitants, on one day persons, so that the population on that one day was more than doubled.

How many Germans were among these I cannot say; but, as several concessions are mentioned to which some of these immigrants were sent, and Prostitutes Wolfenbuettel the church registers of Louisiana mention names of Germans who served on these concessions, we may assume that there were some Germans among them.

In the spring Prostitutes Wolfenbuettel summer of immigration to Louisiana was suspended on account of the war which had broken out between France and Spain. The Louisiana troops took Pensacola from Spain, lost it again, and retook it. In front of Dauphine Island, in the harbor of Mobile, where there were Prostitutes Wolfenbuettel concessioners with their engages, a Spanish flotilla appeared, shutting off the island for ten days.

The crew of a Spanish gunboat plundered the property of the Prostitutes Wolfenbuettel lying on the shore, but were repulsed in a second attempt by the French solders, some Indians, and the people engaged by the concessioners. This report is taken from "Relation Penicaut. French, whose "Historical Collection of Louisiana" is well known, translated it and published it in the first volume of his "Louisiana and Florida.

This is not true. For Prostitutes Wolfenbuettel the first place, the original text of Prostitutes Wolfenbuettel Penicaut" which Margry printed in his volume V. In November,when the headquarters of the company were no longer on Dauphine Island, in the harbor of Mobile, but had been again transferred to Fort Maurepas Ocean.

Springsa part of this fort was burned, whereupon the woods on the other side of the Biloxi Bay were cut down, and Dumont reports that "a company of stout German soldiers" were busy at that work. They Prostitutes Wolfenbuettel the land at the site of the present Biloxi, built a fort, houses, and barracks for officers and soldiers, magazines, and "even a cistern.

Governor Bienville also took up his residence there on the 9th of September,but transferred it to New Orleans in the month of Prostitutes Wolfenbuettel, From this time until the beginning of the Spanish period, inthe Swiss formed an integral part of the French troops in Louisiana. There were always at least four companies of fifty men each in the colony.

They regularly received new additions, and, at the expiration of their time of service, they usually took up a trade, or settled on some land contiguous to the German coast. It Prostitutes Wolfenbuettel even a rule to give annually land, provisions, and rations to two men from each Swiss company to facilitate their settling. According to the church records of Louisiana marriage and death registersthe great majority of these Swiss soldiers were Germans from all parts of the fatherland under Swiss or Alsatian officers.

Of the latter, Philip Grondel, of Zabern, became celebrated as the greatest fighter and most feared duellist Prostitutes Wolfenbuettel the whole colony. He was made chevalier of the military order of St.

Louis, and commander of the Halwyl regiment of Swiss Prostitutes Wolfenbuettel. As to the general reputation these Swiss-German soldiers established for themselves Prostitutes Wolfenbuettel Louisiana, it is interesting to read that "Governor Kerlerec even begged that Swiss troops be sent to him in place of the French, not only on account of their superior discipline and fighting qualities, but because the colonists had as great a dread of the violence, Prostitutes Wolfenbuettel, and debauchery of the troops ordinarily sent out from France as they had of the savages.

In the beginning of the yearsays Penicaut, seven ships came Prostitutes Wolfenbuettel more than persons, "French as well as Germans and Jews. Elias, the Jewish business manager of Law, may have been on board this vessel. For Prostitutes Wolfenbuettel same reason we may assume that the German people on board, or at least a large part of them, were so-called "Law People. Law," and on the 9th of November,the ship "La Marie" brought Mr. Levens, the second director of Law's concessions, and Mr.

Maynard, "conducteur d'ouvriers. The Germans who came on the seven ships mentioned by Penicaut and those who arrived on Prostitutes Wolfenbuettel the "Le Profond" seem to have been the only ones of the thousands recruited for Law in Germany who actually reached the Arkansas Prostitutes Wolfenbuettel, traveling from Biloxi by way of the inland route—Lake Borgne, Lake Prostitutes Wolfenbuettel, Lake Maurepas, Amite River, Bayou Manchac and the Mississippi River.

A rapid increase of the population, especially a doubling of it on one day, would at all times, even in a well regulated community, Prostitutes Wolfenbuettel a source of embarrassment; and it would need the most Prostitutes Wolfenbuettel preparations and the purchasing and storing of a great quantity of provisions in order to solve the problem of subsistence in a satisfactory manner.

On Dauphine Island and on Biloxi Bay, Prostitutes Wolfenbuettel, where the officials of the Compagnie des Indes ruled, nothing was done for Prostitutes Wolfenbuettel reception of so many newcomers. Everybody seems to have lived there like unto the lilies of the field: "They toiled not, neither did they spin. Penicaut says that the Indians, especially the Indian maidens, enjoyed these visits of the soldiers as much as the French did. This statement Prostitutes Wolfenbuettel to be confirmed by the baptismal records of Mobile, where the writer found entries saying that Indian women "in the pains of childbirth" gave the names of the officers and soldiers whom they claimed as the fathers of their children.

There are prominent names among these fathers. Thus the poor immigrants were put on land where there was always more or less Prostitutes Wolfenbuettel famine, sometimes even of starvation, and where the provisions which the concessioners had brought with them to feed Prostitutes Wolfenbuettel own engages Prostitutes Wolfenbuettel taken away from the ships by force to feed the soldiers, and the immigrants were told to subsist on what they might be able to catch on the beach, standing for the most part of the day in the salt water up to the waist—crabs, oysters, and the like—and on the corn which the Biloxi, the Pascagoula, the Chacta, and the Mobile Indians might let them have.

Governor Bienville repeatedly demanded Prostitutes Wolfenbuettel these immigrants should not be landed on the gulf coast at all, but should be taken up the Mississippi River to the Prostitutes Wolfenbuettel where he intended to esablish his headquarters and build the city of New Orleans; because thence Prostitutes Wolfenbuettel could easily reach the concessions, a majority of which were on the banks of the Mississippi.

But the question whether large vessels could enter and ascend the great river—the French directors pretended not to know this yet, Prostitutes Wolfenbuettel the colony had been in existence for about twenty years—and the little and the big quarrels between the directors and the governor, whom they would never admit to be right, did not permit this rational solution of the difficulty.

Furthermore, as a very large number of smaller boats, by which the immigrants might easily have been taken to the concessions by the inland route through Lake Pontchartrain, had been allowed to go to wreck on the sands of Biloxi, the newcomers, especially those who arrived inhad to stay for many months in Biloxi and on Dauphine Island, where they starved in masses or died of epidemic diseases.

In the spring of such a fearful epidemic raged in Biloxi among the immigrants that the priests at that place, having so many other functions to perform, were no longer able to keep the death register. Prostitutes Wolfenbuettel "Etat Civil" forwhere a Capuchin priest records the death of a victim of the epidemic ofin Biloxi, on the strength of testimony of witnesses, no other way of certifying to the death being possible.

Prostitutes Wolfenbuettel, for many months, the effects of the concessioners and of the immigrants were exposed to the elements on the Prostitutes Wolfenbuettel of the beach. Even the equipment for Law's concession, which had arrived in the beginning ofa cargo Prostitutes Wolfenbuettel at a million of livres, lay in the open air in Biloxi Prostitutes Wolfenbuettel fifteen months, before the ship "Le Dromadaire," in May,at the Prostitutes Wolfenbuettel of the governor, but against the protests of some of the directors of the company, sailed with it for the mouth of the Mississippi.

This ship, with its load, drew thirteen feet of water and, Prostitutes Wolfenbuettel the "Neptune," also drawing thirteen feet, had crossed the bar of the Mississippi and sailed up to the site of New Orleans as early asand as an English vessel carrying 16 guns had passed up to English Turn in September,there was no reason whatsoever for Prostitutes Wolfenbuettel "Le Dromadaire" for fifteen months.

A proper use of the "Neptune" alone, which had Prostitutes Wolfenbuettel stationed permanently in the colony sincewould have relieved the congestion in Biloxi and saved thousands of human lives which were sacrificed by the criminal neglect of the officials of the Compagnie des Indes.

As "Le Dromadaire" carried the oufit for the Law Prostitutes Wolfenbuettel and for the plantation of St. Catharine, this ship may also have had some passengers on board, German engages, so-called Prostitutes Wolfenbuettel people; but perhaps not very many, as Bienville, in sending her to the Mississippi against the protests of some of the directors of the company, took a great responsibility upon himself, and could not afford to load her too heavily, lest there should be trouble in getting her over the bar of the river.

The larger number of the German Law people, those who had arrived during the yearhad, no doubt, been sent to the Arkansas River by the inland route to clear the land Prostitutes Wolfenbuettel provide shelter for Prostitutes Wolfenbuettel great number of Germans who were expected to arrive in the spring of No wonder that under such conditions as obtained in Biloxi a very low state of law and order reigned there, and that complete anarchy could be prevented only by drastic measures.

A company of Swiss Prostitutes Wolfenbuettel in the absence of their commander forced the captain of a ship to turn Prostitutes Wolfenbuettel vessel and to Prostitutes Wolfenbuettel them to Havana; and another company marched ofif to join the English in Carolina.

The Swiss in Fort Toulouse, above Mobile, also rose and killed their captain; but these mutineers were captured and punished in Indian fashion by crushing their heads; one Swiss was packed into a barrel which was then sawed in two, and a German who had helped himself to something to eat in the warehouse in Biloxi was condemned by the Superior Council to be pulled five times through the water under the keel of a vessel.

But punishment which was Prostitutes Wolfenbuettel out so severely to the small pilferer did not reach the guilty ones in high positions. Though the Germans on the other side of the bay died by the hundreds from starvation, Hubert, the commissioner general, Prostitutes Wolfenbuettel, as an investigation proved, had not kept any books during the whole tenure of his office, did not even know that there was a shipload of provisions in the hull of a vessel stranded near Ocean Springs and left there for eleven months.

Yet Hubert was Prostitutes Wolfenbuettel punished. Even this description, perhaps, does not give the whole truth, as contemporary writers did not dare to say what they knew.

Dupratz says I. In Prostitutes Wolfenbuettel,engages came to the concession of Madame Chaumont in Pascagoula. There were no Germans among them, as the census of shows, but Pensacola must be mentioned here, as there was a German colony at that place very early, arising, perhaps, on the ruins of this concession or of some other enterprise. The date of the founding of that German settlement is not known; but, inthe English captain Prostitutes Wolfenbuettel found there, on the farm of "Krebs," cotton growing and a roller cotton gin, the invention of Krebs, and, perhaps, the first successful cotton gin in America.

In the same year Prostitutes Wolfenbuettel hear of a great storm which raged most furiously "on the farm of Krebs and among the Germans of Pascagoula. His last will and testament, written in New Orleans in the Spanish language ingives Prostitutes Wolfenbuettel full name as "Hugo Ernestus Prostitutes Wolfenbuettel. It is situated on a slight elevation on the border of "Krebs' Lake," near the mouth of the Pascagoula River, and a mile and a half north of the railroad station of Scranton now incorporated with Prostitutes Wolfenbuettel PascagoulaProstitutes Wolfenbuettel.

The Creoles there call the Krebs home "the old fort," and the three front rooms forming the center of the house, the rest consisting of more recent additions, were evidently built with a view of affording protection against the Indians. The walls of this part of the house are eighteen inches Prostitutes Wolfenbuettel, the masonry-consists of a very hard concrete of lime, unbroken large oyster shells, and clay. The post and sills are of heavy cypress, which, after Prostitutes Wolfenbuettel at least years, do not show any signs of decay.

The floor is made of concrete similar to that of the walls, but Prostitutes Wolfenbuettel wooden floor has been laid upon it, taking away about eighteen inches from the original height of the rooms. All the wood work was hewn with the broad axe.

Prostitutes Wolfenbuettel the house is the "Krebs Cemetery," with the tombs of the members of the Krebs family, of whom a great number are buried there. The accompanying pictures were taken on the spot. According to the family traditions the old fort was built by "Commodore de la Pointe," who is said to have been a brother of Madame Chaumont. Hamilton, in his "Colonial Mobile," pagesays that Joseph Simon de la Pointe received, on the i2th of November,from Governor Cadillac, a land concession on Dauphine Island for the purpose of enabling him to raise cattle.

As Dauphine Island was practically abandoned, after the great storm ofde Prostitutes Wolfenbuettel Pointe probably Prostitutes Wolfenbuettel gave Prostitutes Wolfenbuettel his concession, and a map, drawn about "Colonial Mobile," page 86 shows "Habitation du Sieur Lapointe on the very spot where the Krebs homestead now stands, near the mouth of the Pascagoula River.

Thus the old fort came into possession of the Krebs family, where it still remains, the present owner and occupant being Mrs. Johnson, nee Cecile Krebs, an amiable and highly intelligent lady to whom. Francesco Krebs, the second son of Hugo Ernestus Krebs and Marie Simon de la Pointe, received Round Island in the Bay of Pascagoula, containing about no acres of land, as a grant from the Spanish government, on the 13th of December,after having occupied it for many years. The family of his wife had received permission to settle there from the French governor Bienville, who left Louisiana in May, Prostitutes Wolfenbuettel French speaks of Swiss.

Shortly before, on the 24th of January,four ships had sailed from the French port of L'Orient for Louisiana with Germans and 66 Swiss emigrants. From these it appears that these emigrants, who had, perhaps, traveled in troops from their homes in Germany and Switzerland to the port of embarkation, were divided on board according to the parishes whence they had come. Each parish had a "prevot" or "maire," whilst the leader of the Swiss bears the title of "brigadier. It would seem strange that, in spite of the great number of people whom these four vessels had on board for Louisiana, not one of our Louisiana historians should mention by name the arrival in the colony of more than one of these ships.

There is a horrible cause for this: but few of these p4i emigrants survived the horrors of the sea voyage and landed on the coast Prostitutes Wolfenbuettel Louisiana! The one ship mentioned as having arrived is "Les Deux Freres," which La Harpe reports as having reached Louisiana on the 1st of March,with only 40 Germans for John Law out of who had gone on board in France.

The official passenger list before me mentions Germans and 66 Swiss, or persons on board. Therefore lives out of were lost on this ship alone on the sea! And the other three vessels?

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Martin says Prostitutes Wolfenbuettel in March,only Germans arrived in Louisiana out of embarked in France.

Martin, no Prostitutes Wolfenbuettel, refers to the Germans and 66 Swiss on board the four ships just mentioned, with, perhaps, one or two additional ships. What suffering must have been endured on board these pest ships, what Prostitutes Wolfenbuettel Fearful sickness must have raged with indescribable fury. The history of European emigration to America does not record another death rate approaching this. The one coming Prostitutes Wolfenbuettel to it is that of the "Emanuel," "Juffer Johanna," and "Johanna Maria," three Dutch vessels which sailed Prostitutes Wolfenbuettel Helder, the deep water harbor of Amsterdam, inwith Germans destined for New Orleans.

They arrived at the mouth of the Mississippi, after a voyage of five months, with only passengers living, the other having died on the sea from starvation and sickness, many also Prostitutes Wolfenbuettel their fever and utter despair having jumped overboard.

There is a document attached to the passenger lists of the four pest ships from L'Orient, giving the names of sixteen Germans who were put ashore by the ship "La Garonne" in the port of Brest, France, a few days after her departure from L'Orient, and left at Brest at the expense of the company "chez le Sieur Morel as sick until their recovery or death. This disease having broken out immediately after the departure of "La Garonne" from L'Orient, and evidently on all four vessels, we may assume that the passengers were already infected while still in port, and it must have broken out a second time on board "La Garonne" after her departure from Brest.

The heartless treatment given the emigrants of that Prostitutes Wolfenbuettel, the lack of Prostitutes Wolfenbuettel food, drinking water, medicines and disinfectants accounts for the rest.

Among the sixteen victims "chez le Sieur Morel" in Brest are found members of two families well known and very numerous in Louisiana at present:. The whole family seems to have perished, but there was a second family of that same name on board which will be mentioned presently.

Ernst Katzenberger and wife, founders of the Casbergue family; Adam Trischl, wife and three children, founders of the Triche family; Andreas Traeger, wife and child, founders of the Tregre family; Jean Martin Traeger and wife, who seem to have perished; Joseph Keller, wife and two children, founders of the Keller family; Jacob Schaf, his wife and six children probably related to the Schaf family Prostitutes Wolfenbuettel abovethe founders of the Chauffe family. Heidel Haydel Ship La Charante. Widow Jean Adam Heidel and two children.

Prostitutes Wolfenbuettel were two sons, the elder of whom, "Ambros Heidel," married a daughter of Jacob Schaf Chauffe and became the progenitor of all the "Haydel" families in Louisiana.

His younger brother is not mentioned after Two families: 1 Jean Adam Zweig, wife and daughter; 2 Jean Zweig, wife and two children, a son and a daughter. The daughter married Jos. Verret, to whom she bore seven sons, and later she married Prostitutes Wolfenbuettel Baure. The son married Suzanna Marchand and became the progenitor of all the Labranche families. Jean Hofmann, wife and Prostitutes Wolfenbuettel.

Ship La Saone. Michael Hofmann, wife and two Prostitutes Wolfenbuettel from Augsburg, Bavaria. These vessels Prostitutes Wolfenbuettel arrived in Biloxi during March,the survivors of the Germans no doubt were in Biloxi in the following month, when the greatest of all epidemics raged there, and, after their escape from the dangers of the sea voyage, they again Prostitutes Wolfenbuettel material for disease.

Jean Adam Zweig is especially mentioned in the census of as having died in Biloxi. Towards the end of May,the "St. On the passenger list of this ship Prostitutes Wolfenbuettel "Caspar Dubs, wife and two children. Finally there came, according to la Harpe, on Prostitutes Wolfenbuettel 4th of June,the "Portefaix" Prostitutes Wolfenbuettel France with immigrants, mostly Germans, and originally intended for John Law's concessions.

La Harpe says that thirty more Swedish officers came with him. A very romantic legend has come down to us from that time. It is said that with the German immigrants of the four pest ships who arrived Prostitutes Wolfenbuettel Louisiana in March,there came also Charlotte Christine Sophie, a German princess of the house of Braunschweig-Wolfenbuettel, who had been the wife of the Czarevitch Alexis, the oldest son of Czar Peter the Great of Russia.

She is said to have suffered so much from the brutality and infidelity of her husband that, infour years after her marriage, she simulated death, and while an official burial was arranged for her, she escaped from Russia, and later came to Louisiana, where she married the Chevalier d'Aubant, a French officer, whom she had met Prostitutes Wolfenbuettel Europe.

Gayarre Vol. I, page made a very pretty story of this legend, and added a touching introductory chapter. According to him the Chevalier d'Aubaut, a young Frenchman, was attached to Prostitutes Wolfenbuettel court of Braunschweig as an officer in the duke's household. Now the princess is on her way to St. Petersburg and her bridegroom is with Prostitutes Wolfenbuettel, and fast travelers are these horses Prostitutes Wolfenbuettel the Ukraine, the wild Mazeppa horses that are speeding away with her.

In her escort is a young Cossack officer riding closely to the carriage door, with watchful care and whenever the horses of the vehicle Prostitutes Wolfenbuettel carried Alexis and his bride threatened to Prostitutes Wolfenbuettel unruly, his hand was always first Prostitutes Wolfenbuettel interfere and to check them; and all other services which chance threw in his way, he would render with meek and unobtrusive eagerness; but silent he was as the tomb.

Once on such an occasion, no doubt as an honorable reward for his submissive behavior and faithful attendance, the princess beckoned to him to lend her the Prostitutes Wolfenbuettel of his arm to come down the steps of her carriage. Slight was the touch of the tiny hand; light was the weight of that sylphlike form: and yet the rough Cossack trembled like an aspen leaf, and staggered under the convulsive effort which shook his bold frame.

Petersburg he received a sealed letter with two papers. One was a letter; it read thus: 'D'Aubant. It could not deceive my heart. Such a confession is a declaration that we must never meet again.

The mercy of God be on us both. The other paper was a passport signed by the Emperor himself, and giving to the Prostitutes Wolfenbuettel d'Aubant permission to leave the empire at his convenience. In he arrived in Louisiana with the grade of captain in Prostitutes Wolfenbuettel colonial troops. Shortly after he was stationed Prostitutes Wolfenbuettel New Orleans, where he shunned the contact of Prostitutes Wolfenbuettel brother officers and lived in the utmost solitude.

On the bank of the Bayou St. John, on the land known in our day as the Allard plantation, there was a small village Prostitutes Wolfenbuettel friendly Indians, and beginning where the bridge now Prostitutes Wolfenbuettel the bayou, a winding path connected it with New Orleans.

There the chevalier lived, and his dwelling contained a full length portrait of a female surpassingly beautiful, in Prostitutes Wolfenbuettel contemplation of which he Prostitutes Wolfenbuettel frequently remain absorbed, as in a trance, and on a Prostitutes Wolfenbuettel lay a crown, resting not on a cushion, as usual, but on a heart, which it crushed with its weight, and at which the lady from out of the picture gazed with intense melancholy.

Every one felt that it was sacred ground out there on the Bayou St. Next day they were married, and in commemoration of this event Prostitutes Wolfenbuettel planted those two oaks, which, looking like twins, and interlocking their leafy arms, are, to this day, to be seen standing Prostitutes Wolfenbuettel by side on the bank of the Bayou St.

John, and bathing their feet in the stream, a little to the right of the Prostitutes Wolfenbuettel as you pass in front of Allard's plantation. Such is Gayarre's account. Let us examine this story critically, first acquainting ourselves with conditions in Russia, whence it emanated.

Alexis, the husband of the German princess, was at the head of the old Russian pai'ty which violently opposed the reforms introduced by the Czar Peter the Great, the father of Alexis. A conspiracy was foi-med by this party to frustrate the reforms, and the Czar, fearing for the success of his plans, forced Alexis, the heir apparent, to resign his claims to the Russian succession and to promise to become a monk.

When Peter the Great was on his second tour through Western Europe, however, Alexis, with the aid of his party, escaped Prostitutes Wolfenbuettel fled to Austria. Very unwisely Prostitutes Wolfenbuettel allowed himself to be persuaded by Privy Counsellor Tolstoi to return from Vienna to Russia, whereupon Prostitutes Wolfenbuettel who had aided him suffered severe punishment, and Alexis himself was condemned to death.

It is true, the sentence was commuted by the Czar, but Alexis died, infrom mental anguish, it was said, but according to others he was beheaded in the prison. To meet the accusations of unjust treatment of his son, the Czar published the records of the court proceedings, proving the conspiracy.

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There can be no doubt that the enemies of the Czar, especially the very strong and influential old Russian party, did everything in their power to make the treatment Alexis had received at the hands of his father appear as one of the blackest crimes, and that the Czar's party retaliated by blackening the character of the Czarevitch Prostitutes Wolfenbuettel much as lay in their power.

At that time, and for the purpose of defaming the character of the dead prince, the story that the German princess, his wife, had simulated death to escape from the martyrdom of a supposedly wretched married life, must have been invented by the partisans of the Czar.

Why should she have gone to Louisiana, and nowhere else? Because everybody went to Louisiana at that time. It was the year That was the very time when John Law and the Western Company were spreading their Louisiana pamphlets broadcast over Europe; it was the time when thousands of the countrymen of the dead princess were preparing themselves to emigrate to the paradise on the Mississippi; it was the time when the name of Louisiana was in the mouth of every one.

The tale, too, was repeated with such persistency that many European authors printed it, that thousands believed it, and that even official inquiries seem to have been instituted. As to the Prostitutes Wolfenbuettel alleged Louisiana husband, the Chevalier d'Aubant, who was said to have married her in New Orleans in March,the present writer desires to say that he has carefully and repeatedly examined the marriage records of New Orleans, Mobile and Biloxi from to without meeting with such Prostitutes Wolfenbuettel name, or any name similar to it.

Moreover, Mr. Hamilton, of Mobile, the author of " Colonial Mobile ," who examined Prostitutes Wolfenbuettel Mobile records completely and with infinite care, found only a French officer "d'Aubert" not d'Aubantwho, inthirty-eight years later, commanded at Fort Toulouse; but this d'Aubert was married to one Louise Marg.

Bernoudy, a daughter of a numerous and well-authenticated French pioneer family of Mobile. Prostitutes Wolfenbuettel story of the romantic Louisiana marriage is therefore without foundation, and so the legend is a myth, although Allard's plantation, near New Orleans, is pointed out to us as the dwelling place of the lovers, and the two "leaflocked oak trees right by the bridge still bear witness to their happiness. Pickett, in his "History of Alabama," claims the couple as residents of Mobile.

Zschokke, the Prostitutes Wolfenbuettel novelist, makes them residents of "Christinental on the Red River," and others place them in the Illinois district; i. Martin says the King of Prussia called Charlotte's alleged lover "Maldeck. Louisiana was a French province, and as will be shown in the chapter "Koly" the Prussian ambassador at the court of France was either for his own account, or as a representative of his king, financially interested in the St.

Catherine enterprise in Louisiana; and he was therefore Prostitutes Wolfenbuettel to be in a better position and nearer to the channels of information to make inquiries about affairs and people in Louisiana than any other German official in Paris. If, therefore, the family of Braunschweig-Wolfenbuettel desired to investigate the rumors current at that time, they had no better means of doing so than to request the King of Prussia to instruct his ambassador in Paris to make researches.

The Prussian ambassador possibly reported that there was a man in Louisiana, by the name of "Maldeck" who claimed his wife to be the princess. As to the name of "Maldeck," the writer will say that he found that name, or, rather, a name so similar to it that it may have stood for the same. In the passenger lists received by the "Louisiana Historical Society" from Paris in see pagea laborer named "Guillaume Madeck" is mentioned, a passenger on the ship "Le Profond," who, from the 8th of May,to the 9th of June, Prostitutes Wolfenbuettel, the day of the departure of the vessel for Louisiana, had received thirty-three rations.

A man of such humble station, however, would certainly not have suited a princess for a husband, Prostitutes Wolfenbuettel so, if the story was ever circulated in Louisiana, either Wilhelm Maldeck, or his Louisiana wife, claiming to be a princess, must have imposed Prostitutes Wolfenbuettel the people.

With the ship "Portefaix," so La Harpe informs us, the news of the failure of John Law and his flight from Paris reached the colony of Louisiana. The news of Law's flight seems to have paralyzed the Compagnie des Prostitutes Wolfenbuettel, for it took them many months to decide what should be done with Law's concessions on the Prostitutes Wolfenbuettel River and below English Turn. These Germans therefore needed assistance until they could help themselves, for not another livre was to be expected from the bankrupt John Law; and the concession must be given up unless the Prostitutes Wolfenbuettel or some one else should step in to provide for those people.

It seems incomprehensible that the directors of the company in Louisiana, under these circumstances, should have waited from Prostitutes Wolfenbuettel 4th of June to beyond the middle Prostitutes Wolfenbuettel November Prostitutes Wolfenbuettel the same year to decide to take Prostitutes Wolfenbuettel concessions over; and even after they had decided to manage Prostitutes Wolfenbuettel concessions in the future for their own account, the resolution was not carried out, as Law's agent on the Arkansas, Levens, refused to transfer the.

There Madame Brie Prostitutes Wolfenbuettel him her coach, and the Regent furnished the relays and four of his men for an escort. Thus Law travelled towards the Belgian frontier. Returning her coach, Law sent the lady a letter containing a Prostitutes Wolfenbuettel valued atlivres. Law left France about the middle of December and the news of his flight spread rapidly. Prostitutes Wolfenbuettel, which sailed April 13th, came towards the end of May, and a few days later came La Durance, which sailed Prostitutes Wolfenbuettel 23d, and still no news of the disaster?

The ship Portefaix with D'Arensbourg on board, Prostitutes Wolfenbuettel arrived on the 4th of June, may have brought some instructions concerning the steps to be taken in the matter, but the first news must have reached the colony much earlier.

Finally, when help Prostitutes Wolfenbuettel this last source failed, and small-pox broke out among the Indians and the Prostitutes Wolfenbuettel, they were forced to give up all and abandon the concession. According to tradition, the Prostitutes Wolfenbuettel on the Arkansas resolved, to abandon Law's concession and to go down the Mississippi to New Orleans. Only forty-seven persons remained behind, whom La Harpe met there on Prostitutes Wolfenbuettel 20th of March,when he installed Dudemaine Dufresne, but when La Harpe returned from his other mission, viz.

The arrival of the flotilla of the Germans from the Arkansas River must have been a great surprise for the people of New Orleans.

This city was at that time in its very Prostitutes Wolfenbuettel, and seems to have looked more like a mining camp than a town.

The engineer Fauget, who went there in March,to Prostitutes Wolfenbuettel out the streets, found in the bush only a small number of huts covered with palmetto leaves or cypress bark; and the Jesuit Charlevoix wrote from New Prostitutes Wolfenbuettel on the loth of January,i. He found two or three houses, it is true, but such as would not have been a credit to any French village, a large wooden warehouse, and a miserable store, one-half of which had been lent to the Lord for religious services; but, he said, the.

Indeed, New Orleans contained at the taking of the census of November 24th,excluding soldiers and sailors, only white persons, and the Germans who came down from the Arkansas must have outnumbered them considerably. The surprise created by their arrival must have been a very unpleasant one for the officials of the Compagnie des Indes. Prostitutes Wolfenbuettel, the Germans did not come to thank them for favors, and is it to be imagined that some very plain words were spoken by the Germans to the officials of the company; in Prostitutes Wolfenbuettel, it Prostitutes Wolfenbuettel said that Prostitutes Wolfenbuettel Bienville interceded, and when they demanded passage back to Europe, tried his best to induce them to remain.

The results of the conferences were: first, that the Germans from the Arkansas were now given rich alluvial lands on the right bank of the Mississippi River about twenty-five miles above New Orleans, on what is now known as "the German Coast,'' Prostitutes Wolfenbuettel the parishes of St. Charles and St.

John the Baptist, where, intwo German villages, Prostitutes Wolfenbuettel which we Prostitutes Wolfenbuettel hear more, already existed; secondly, that the agent on the Arkansas, Levens, was deposed; and, thirdly, that provisions were sent to the Germans who still remained there. The family of Charles Fred. D'Arensbourg is very important in the history of the German Coast, and as doubts existed until now as to its real Prostitutes Wolfenbuettel, it will be treated here at some length.

The former Swedish officer who had charge of Prostitutes Wolfenbuettel German immigrants of the ship "Portefaix" and who became the commander of the German Coast, signed his name:. Examining his signature, we notice at the end of the first Prostitutes Wolfenbuettel a decided downward stroke, making it appear as if this downward stroke was intended to serve as an apostrophe, and that the man really intended to write "D'arensbourg", a form of name which would support the tradition of noble lineage.

The names of the older nobility being usually names of places, we shall now consider the only two places by the Prostitutes Wolfenbuettel of "Arensburg", Prostitutes Wolfenbuettel exist in Europe: one in the principality of Schaumburg-Lippe, Germany, and the other on the island of Prostitutes Wolfenbuettel in the Bay Prostitutes Wolfenbuettel Riga, province of Livonia, Russia.

As the principality of Schaumburg-Lippe is in Germany, and as the Russian province of Livonia was founded by Germans at Riga, inand belonged to the territory of Prostitutes Wolfenbuettel "German Knights" for centuries, and as the nobility of Livonia and the other Baltic provinces have kept their German Prostitutes Wolfenbuettel pure to the present day, a noble family of that name would in either case be of the German nobility, and the original form of Prostitutes Wolfenbuettel name would be "von Arensburg".

As our Louisiana D'Arensbourg was a former Swedish officer, and as the town of Arensburg on Prostitutes Wolfenbuettel island of Oesel in the Bay of Riga, together with the whole province of Livonia, belonged to Sweden up to the yearthe year of Chas.

D'Arensbourg's emigration to Louisiana, and as thirty other Swedish officers are said to have come with him to Louisiana init might be assumed that our Louisiana D'Arensbourg belonged to the Riga branch of the German noble family "von Arensburg", and that, at the cession of Livonia to Russia, inour D'Arensbourg, together with thirty compatriots, who Prostitutes Wolfenbuettel had fought on the Swedish side against Russia, preferred exile to Russification, and emigrated to.

Louisiana in the year Wishing to obtain more definite, and, if possible, official information as to the descent of this D'Arensbourg, the present writer addressed the Imperial German Consul in Riga, and this gentleman, "Herr Generalconsul Dr.

Ohneseit", kindly submitted the questions to the chancellory of the "Livlaendische Ritterschaft, Ritterhaus, Riga", where the resident Prostitutes Wolfenbuettel ordered re. Both the archivist and the notary of Prostitutes Wolfenbuettel "Livlaendische Ritterschaft" write furthermore that no family Prostitutes Wolfenbuettel the name of "von Arensburg" can Prostitutes Wolfenbuettel found in the literature relating to the Swedish, the Baltic, the Finnish or the German nobility.

This settles the question of noble lineage. It was also suggested that the man may have added "d'Arensbourg" to his family name which must have been "Karl Friedrich" in order to indicate his birth place, or place of last residence or garrison, or in order to distinguish his family there being Prostitutes Wolfenbuettel Fried-richs from other branches of the same name, "which was not seldom done. In this case the change of name must have taken place before the departure from France, since the commission held by the Swedish officer was issued in the name of "Charles Fred.

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The Prostitutes Wolfenbuettel is offered as a possible solution: The former Swedish officer "Karl Friedrich," a German and a native or former resident of Arensburg on Prostitutes Wolfenbuettel island of Oesel, having determined to emigrate to Louisiana rather than become a Russian subject, applied to the Compagnie des Indes for a position in the colony, and in his petition, written in French, signed his name "Charles Friedrich," and added to it "d'Arensbourg" to indicate his Prostitutes Wolfenbuettel, or place of last residence or garrison.

The French officials, mistaking "d'Arensbourg" for his family Prostitutes Wolfenbuettel, issued his commission to "Charles Frederic d'Arensbourg;" and it being thus entered on the books Prostitutes Wolfenbuettel the company, and the man being known and addressed officially in that way, he was forced to adopt this as his family name. Swedish lady, and her name, according to our historians, was "Catherine Mextrine.

At least the census of mentions him as a bachelor, aged thirty-one, though the Prostitutes Wolfenbuettel of reports Prostitutes Wolfenbuettel as having a wife and one child. D'Arensbourg was, therefore, married in Louisiana, and we shall prove that his wife's name was neither "Catherine" nor "Mextrine," and that she was not from Sweden, but from "Schwaben" Wiirtem-bsrg.

The last three letters "ine" of the name "Mextrine" alone betray her as a German woman. It is the suffix "in," which was formerly added to the family names of married ladies in Germany. We had a German poetess by the name of "Kar-schin," the wife of a tailor named "Karsch;" the wife of a Mr. Meyer used to be called "Frau Meyerin," and I still remember that old people used to call my good mother "Frau Deilerin. Folsine, i.

The "x" in Mextrine is a makeshift for the German hissing sound of "z" or "tz," for which there is no special sign in French, "z" in French sounding always like a soft "s.

It is true there were horses in outside of New Orleans, and the Tunica Indians also had thirty; but the horses had been given by the company only to large planters, and the Indians had obtained theirs from the Spaniards.

In proof of all this a facsimile of the signature of "Catherine Mextrine" is given here, which the author found in the marriage contract entered into between her granddaughter, Marie de la Chaise, and Frangois Chauvin de Lery on the 23d of July, It will be noticed that she signed her name Prostitutes Wolfenbuettel the final French "e," just as a German woman of that time would have written the feminine form of the name "Metzer. Her family name, then, was "Metzer," and according to family tradition she was from Wurtemberg.

The present writer is inclined to think that she was the daughter of one Jonas "Mes-quer" French spellingwho, according to the passenger Prostitutes Wolfenbuettel, sailed with his wife and five children on the 13th of April,on board the ship "St.

Andre" from L'Orient for Louisiana. In the marriage contract of her eldest son, who married FranQoise de la Vergne Prostitutes Wolfenbuettel the i8th of June,the mother of the bridegroom is called by the French notary Prostitutes Wolfenbuettel Mettcherine. It is not "Catherine" but "Marguerite," a favorite German name for women.

Karl Friedrich D'Arensburg served for more than forty years as commander and judge of the German Coast of Louisiana, sharing alike the joys and hardships of his people, and on one occasion, at least, taking an important part in political matters. It is the proper place here to mention the part he, then a man of seventy-six years of age, played in the rebellion against the Spanish in UUoa, the Spanish governor, who had come to Louisiana in March,to take possession of the colony in the name of the King of Prostitutes Wolfenbuettel, to whom France had ceded Louisiana in Prostitutes Wolfenbuettel, had found the population very hostile; and, as he had only ninety soldiers with him, he did not Prostitutes Wolfenbuettel take possession of Louisiana, but requested the French commander to hold over and act under Spanish authority until more Spanish troops should arrive.

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This interim lasted until the 28th of October,when the people rose and UUoa was forced to retire to Havana. During this year Ulloa had taken from the Germans of the German Coast provisions to the value of piastres to feed the Acadians, who had but recently come into the colony, and were not able yet to sustain themselves. They came from San Domingo, where they had found the climate too hot, and were in great misery.

Their whole for. Hearing of the ferment all over the colony, and fearing that the Germans might make the nonpayment of their claims a pretext to join tlie conspirators, Ulloa, on the 2Sth of October,sent a man by the name of Maxant with piastres to the German Coast to settle the indebtedness of the Spanish government.

Verret declared later that he received the order to arrest Maxant from Villere, Lafreniere and Marquis. Ulloa in this letter expresses the belief that D'Arensbourg had been influenced by his relatives, Villere, the commander Prostitutes Wolfenbuettel the German militia, and de Lery, the commander of Prostitutes Wolfenbuettel militia in Prostitutes Wolfenbuettel.

It is true that Villere was Prostitutes Wolfenbuettel to Louise de la Chaise, and Frangois Chauvin de Lery to Marie de la Chaise, both granddaughters of D'Arensbourg, that de Lery was a first cousin to Chauvin Prostitutes Wolfenbuettel, the attorney general of the col-tune consisted of only 47, livres in Canadian paper, which the people of Louisiana refused to accept. Focault demanded permission from Paris to reimburse them, gave them 14, livres worth of merchandise and provisions, and sent them to Opelousas and the country of the Attakapas.

On the l6th of November,Acadians arrived from Halifax. They were sent to "Cahabanoce," the present parish of St. These were the ones who received the provisions which the Spanish government took from the Germans on the German Coast. But it needed no persuasion to make D'Arensbourg take Prostitutes Wolfenbuettel stand which he took, for Ulloa himself had furnished more than sufficient grounds to make him do so:. He had closed Prostitutes Wolfenbuettel mouths of the Mississippi, Prostitutes Wolfenbuettel one where the passage for vessels was most difficult and dangerous.

He had refused to pay the costs of administration since the transfer of Louisiana to Spainand wanted to be responsible only for the obligations incurred since his arrival March,thereby repudiating the salaries of officials, officers, Prostitutes Wolfenbuettel soldiers for three years.

He began to study theology, but was expelled in for associating with students found Prostitutes Wolfenbuettel of having relations with prostitutes. Byhe was preparing for a theological disputation under Andreas II Osiander, when the city was hit by plague. He then travelled to Bern, Fribourg, Lausanne, and arrived finally at Geneva He was ordained in Religion Affiliation: Lutheran Lutheran 6. Means of Support Primary: Church Life Secondary: Schoolmasteringperiod of extensive travel interrupted stints at tutoring in Teubingen.

This permitted Prostitutes Wolfenbuettel to retire to Stuttgart. Patronage Type: Court OfficialEberhard III, whose return to Wuerttemberg Andreae had negotiated the previous year, offered him the choice of a chair of theology at Tuebingen or the position of constitorial councillor and court preacher at Stuttgart.

He accepted the offer the latter position after hesitation. Primary patron: Duke August of Braunschweig-Lueneburg. Andreae dedicated his Rei Christianae and Literariae subsidia to him. August underwrote his doctoral promotion, and upon receiving the dedication he responded Prostitutes Wolfenbuettel a gift of imperials and shortly thereafter appointed Andreae as one of his ecclesiastical councillors at a salary of imperials per year.

In the summer Prostitutes WolfenbuettelAugust Prostitutes Wolfenbuettel a special litter in the hope that the terminally-ill Andreae would make it from Bebenhausen to the court at Wolfenbuettel. Prostitutes Wolfenbuettel Andreae finally retired in Stuttgart, August provided a house for his use.

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In her escort is a young Cossack officer riding closely to the carriage door, with watchful care and whenever the horses of the vehicle which carried Alexis and his bride threatened to become unruly, his hand was always first to interfere and to check them; and all other services which chance threw in his way, he would render with meek and unobtrusive eagerness; but silent he was as the tomb. Your experience on this site will be improved by allowing cookies. It could not deceive my heart.